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1. Hushka, L., Waterman, S., Keller, L., Trimmer, G., Freeman, J., Ambroso, J., Nicolich, M., and McKee, R. (2001). Two-generation reproduction studies in rats fed di-isodecyl phthalate.
Reproductive Toxicology 15:153-169.
This paper documented that DIDP did not affect fertility or male reproductive development.
2. Lake, B., Cook, W., Worrell, N., Cunninghame, M., Evans, J., Price, R., Young, P., and Carpanini, F. (1991). Dose-response relationships for induction of hepatic peroxisome proliferation and testicular atrophy by phthalate esters in the rat.
Human and Experimental Toxicology 10:67-68.
This abstract documented that some, but not all, phthalates affected testicular development when given to juvenile rodents in high doses.
3. Lington, A., Gray, T., Evans, J., Lake, B., and Moran, B. (1993).
Short-term feeding studies assessing the testicular effects of nine plasticizers in the F344 rat.
Toxicology Letters supp 1:93, p. 132. 
This abstract documented that some but not all phthalates produce testicular atrophy when given in high doses to juvenile rats.
4. Patel, R., Wolfe, G., Rouselle, S., Cherian, G., Po, K., Moore, B.,
Bishop, J., and Chapin, R. (2001). Reproductive effects of dibutylphthalate in Sprague-Dawley rats when assessed in a multigenerational study.
The Toxicologist 60: 385.
This study was conducted to determine if previous results published by Wine et al. (1997) could be replicated. The study, conducted by the U.S. National Toxicology Program with assistance from the Panel, found that, although DBP had effects on fertility and male reproductive development, these were at much higher levels than previously reported.
5. Schilling, K., Gembart, C. and Hellwig, J. (1999). Reproduction study of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP).
The Toxicologist 48:147-148.
This abstract documented that DEHP did reduce fertility but only when given to rats in high doses.
6. Tomonari Y., Kurata Y., Kawasuso T., David R., Gans G., Tsuchitani M.,
Katoh M. Testicular toxicity study of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP)in
juvenile common marmoset. The Toxicologist 2003;72: 385.
This paper reports that DEHP had no effect on male reproductive development in maturing marmosets. The lack of effect in a primate species indicates that observation of male reproductive tract effects in rodents may not be relevant to humans.
7. Waterman, S., Keller, L., Trimmer, G., Freeman, J., Nikiforov, A., Harris, S., Nicolich, M., and McKee, R. (1999). Two-generation reproduction study in rats given di-isononyl phthalate in the diet.
Reproductive Toxicology 14:21-36.
This paper documented that DINP did not affect fertility or male reproductive development.
8. Willoughby, C., Fulcher, S., Creasy, D., Heath, J., Priston, R., and Moore, N. (2000). Two-generation reproduction studies of di-(C7-C9 alkyl) phthalate and di-(C9-C11 alkyl) phthalate in the rat.
Reproductive Toxicology 14:427-450.
This paper documented that linear, high molecular weight phthalates did not affect fertility or male reproductive development.
9. McKee, R., Butala, J., David, R., Gans, G. (2004) NTP Center for the Evaluation of Risks to Human Reproduction: Addressing the Data Gaps.
Reproductive Toxicology 18: 1-22.
This paper reviews uncertainties identified by the NTP-CERHR expert panel studies in light of new data, and more firmly supports the NTP-CERHR's conclusions that levels of concern are minimal to negligible in most situations.
10a. Kurata Y, Makinodan F, Okada M, Kawasuso T, David R, Gans G, Regnier J, Katoh, M. Blood concentration and tissue distribution of 14C-di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) in juvenile and adult common marmoset.
The Toxicologist 2003;72:384-385.
10b. Tomonari Y, Kurata Y, Kawasuso T, David R, Gans G, Tsuchitani M, Katoh M. Testicular toxicity study of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) in juvenile common marmoset
The Toxicologist 2003;72: 385.
These abstracts report that high doses of DEHP fed to juvenile marmosets from weaning to sexual maturity did not produce testicular damage.
11. (4) Tyl, R., Myers, C., Marr, M., Fail, P., Seely, J., Brine, D., Barter, R., and Butala, J. (2004). Reproductive toxicity evaluation of dietary butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP) in rats.
Reproductive Toxicology 18: 241-264.
This two generation fertility study of BBP showed effects, principally on male reproductive development, at the high dose, equal to approximately 750 mg/kg/day. There were minimal effects at the mid dose (approximately 250 mg/kg/day), but reproductive development, structures and function were unaffected. There were no effects at the low dose (50 mg/kg/day).
Sponsored by the Phthalate Esters Panel (in whole or in part)
Last Updated: March 16, 2004
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